Psychology and Intelligence

Introduction

Recently, The Times, a British daily newspaper, reported research findings indicating that highly intelligent men often marry average women, while accomplished women frequently remain unmarried. These results, derived from a collaborative study spanning 40 years across universities in Aberdeen, Bristol, Edinburgh, and Glasgow, involved assessing the IQ of 900 boys and girls at age 11 and tracking them into their early 50s to examine their social, economic, and marital statuses.

Foreign publications often generate significant public interest when reporting on subjects related to intelligence and IQ. People naturally find topics like these intriguing.

I also underwent intelligence testing during my elementary and high school years. These assessments were conducted similarly to standardized tests, and the results were typically confidential. At that time, I found intelligence testing somewhat mysterious.

Subsequently, when observing celebrities on television programs, I occasionally made assumptions about their IQ, linking lower intellectual abilities to those who appeared less inclined. My perception was that a three-digit IQ was the benchmark for normal intelligence. However, as I pursued psychology studies, I came to realize how misconceived my understanding of intelligence was. This misconception likely resonates with many individuals.

Let’s debunk some of these misconceptions one by one.

IQTests Don’t Directly Measure Intellectual Ability

Contrary to popular belief, IQ tests do not directly measure intellectual ability. Scholars lack a universally agreed-upon definition of intelligence, and multiple theories exist, each offering a distinct perspective. Some view intelligence as a single, general ability (g-factor), while others suggest a blend of general and specific abilities (s-factors). Certain researchers propose that intelligence can be divided into up to 150 or 180 independent facets. This diversity reflects the complexity of intelligence.

As a result, the measurement of IQ tests isn’t straightforward. Some argue that IQ tests assess specific aspects of cognitive abilities, while others believe they may also tap into personality traits. For example, individuals with calm and composed personalities tend to perform better on cognitive tasks. It’s incorrect to assume that IQ tests provide a comprehensive measure of intellectual ability.

IQ Scores Are Not Fixed

IQ scores are not static. They result from IQ tests, and external factors such as the testing environment, the individual’s emotional state, and more can influence the outcome. For instance, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), a widely used IQ test, includes a subtest where a person is asked to repeat a sequence of numbers in reverse order. This task can be affected by anxiety or depression, leading to lower scores.

Furthermore, intelligence can change over time. Education, cognitive training, and life experiences can contribute to an individual’s intellectual growth. Therefore, IQ scores should not be viewed as fixed and unalterable.

Double-Digit IQ Scores Are Not Indicative of Low Intelligence

The notion that double-digit IQ scores suggest low intelligence is flawed. The significance of an IQ score hinges on the specific IQ test in use. For example, Wechsler tests have a mean score of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, placing scores between 85 and 115 within one standard deviation from the mean. This range encompasses approximately 68% of the population, including individuals with typical cognitive abilities.

An IQ score of 85 does not indicate low intelligence; it falls within the normal range. It’s essential to consider the context of the specific IQ test and its scoring system when interpreting IQ scores.

Animals Exhibit Intelligence

While some animals display behaviors indicative of intelligence, equating animal intelligence with human intelligence is problematic. Defining and measuring animal intelligence effectively lacks consensus. Human intelligence is assessed within age and cultural contexts, making comparisons with animals challenging.

Moreover, human and animal cognitive processes differ fundamentally. Attempting to directly equate intelligence across species with distinct evolutionary backgrounds misunderstands the concept of intelligence. Each species has evolved to excel in specific cognitive domains vital for their survival and reproduction.

Conclusion